the communication process begins with the , who is also called the communicator or source.
is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. it may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to communication.
communication is a process，it is ongoing and ever changing.
decoding is the process of putting ideas into symbols.
interpersonal communication is communication that occurs in our mind.
intercultural communication refers to the communication between people with significantly different cultures.
intercultural communicative competence involves the knowledge, motivation, and skills to communicate effectively and appropriately with people from different cultures.
communicative competence is comprised of two elements: and appropriateness.
culture shock takes various forms. one is role shock, which refers to ______.
what are the characteristics of culture?
what are the basic functions of culture? ____________.
to be an effective intercultural communicator you just need to improve your communicative skills.
culture and communication are inseparably linked; we can't have one without the other.
culture is a negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide inidual’s behaviors and incline them to function as a group.
culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication.
values, shared beliefs, and assumptions belong to visible cultures.
culture influences how people communicate, both verbally and .
culture may be classified by three large categories of elements, namely, artifacts, , and behaviors.
culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other.
if language is defined merely as a system of communication, then language is not unique to humans.
displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
in our own environment we are unaware of the implications of the choices.
context performs multiple functions.
the meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
the point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning.
language hardly reflects the environment in which we live.
groups are preferred for learning and problem solving.
for jackobson, language is obove all, as any semiotic system, for communication.
even if people from different cultures speak english, they still face hurdles.
when people speak to people in other cultures, cultural differences may affect the way they communicate.
self-effacement emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk; it is typical in western cultures like the united kingdom.
when cultures speak the same language—as the united states and great britain—there are not vocabulary differences.
if an object or experience do not exist in your culture, it is difficult to translate words referring to that object or experience.
verbal communication is a form of communication in which the sender uses words, either in oral or in written form, to interchange the information with the receiver.
nonverbal communication takes place by way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as body language, facial expressions, sign language and so forth.
generally speaking, oral communication is more personal and less formal than written communication.
the two major forms of verbal communication include oral communication and written communication.
when writing an email to close friends, it is better to use formal language.
the english translation of红茶 is “ red tea”.
oral communication can be especially effective in addressing conflicts or problems.
written communication is less authentic than oral communication as they are informal and not as organized as oral communication.
_______ is the study of how people perceive and use colour.
______is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication.
_______ refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.
silence, gestures, facial expressions, posture, and dress codes vary enormously across cultures.
when we interact with others, our nonverbal behaviors do not send messages.
in northern europe, people do not ordinarily touch each other unless they know each other very well.
nonverbal messages can contradict verbal messages when they convey a meaning opposite to what is being said.
the “thumbs-up” gesture in west africa indicates that “great”, “you are doing very well”.
when we talk to someone from the countries where eye contact is appreciated, we need to look at the person we are talking with.
the united states is considered a polychronic society.
the way in which different cultures perceive time can influence communication.
the sentence "to be late is rude" belongs to polychronic time system.
monochronic people are more concerned with those who are closely related than privacy.
time is a silent language; different cultures have different senses of time.
technical time systems are the inaccurate measurements of time.
there are 3 types of time systems: , formal, and informal.
time systems refer to the ways in which units of time are described and comprehended by the members of a culture.
time systems refer to the assumptions that cultures make about how time should be used or experienced.
seating arrangements and furniture arrangements is the typical example of ________.
informal space directly affects the way we communicate with others. it can be also a form of nonverbal communication and varies from culture to culture.
americans have a high tolerance of crowding while asian people have a low one.
public space is used when speaking in public or giving a talk to a group.
the technical term for the study of people’s perception and use of space is ______.
generally speaking, there are four categories of space. they are intimate space, personal space, _______ space, and public space.
_______ space (45-120 cm) is for family and close friends, and is great for personal conversations.
people from different cultures communicate in different ways.
english is characterized by vagueness and ambiguity, while chinese and japanese languages are characterized by directness and clarity.
the cultures of the world can be compared on a scale from high to low context.
in general, cultures that favor high-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them.
in the low context culture, communication tends to be indirect.
the organization structure of french companies is complicated.
the key to intercultural business communication is to understand one's business partners well enough to make cultural adjustments.
american culture belongs to high-context culture.
japan is a low-context country.
culture cultivates and reinforces beliefs and values.
values fundamentally influence our behavior in society.
collectivist cultures concern personal achievement.
the collectivi is expected to look out for and take care of its inidual members.
in inidualistic cultures, there is a strong belief in obligations to the group.
masculine cultures differentiate gender roles more than feminine cultures.
effective management of intercultural conflicts requires intercultural awareness and intercultural sensitivity.
each culture has its own set of dominant values and beliefs.
we must understand not only the differences between our culture and others’ culture but must also show the sincerity to acknowledge, respect, and accept discovered differences.
cultural background does not influence the way to deal with intercultural conflict.
in some cultures, silence and avoidance can be used to manage conflict.
it is necessary to solve conflicts through synergistic strategies.
generally speaking, the easterners have linear thinking pattern; while the westerners is to understand the counterpart, so as to enhance interpersonal relationship.
persons from the same culture but with a different education, age, background, and experience may experience difficulty in communication.
in general, the easterners express their opinions explicitly and directly.
the easterners regard the success of negotiation as a basis for a long term and good interpersonal relationship.
culture does not influence negotiating styles.
generally speaking, the westerners have ytical thinking pattern.
1. in arab countries, close male friends or colleagues ________ to greet one another.
1. waving your full arm side to side in india means ________.
in the usa, it is normal for men to shake hands when they meet, but it is quite usual for men to kiss when they greet each other.
waving your full arm side to side in many countries is recognized as saying ‘hello’ or ‘goodbye’.
in belgium, people kiss on one cheek when they meet, regardless of the gender or how well they know each other.
in russia, the typical greeting is a sweet ile.
if your food is hot, wait a few minutes for it to cool off; do not blow on your food.
in order to save time, western people always cut many bites at a time before eating.
you can use a toothpick or dental floss at the table.
according to western table manners, it is suggested not to keep your elbows on the table.
the communication process begins with the , who is also called the communicator or source.
is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. it may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to communication.
communication is a process，it is ongoing and ever changing.
_______ is the study of how people perceive and use color.
______ is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication.
_______ refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.
seating arrangements and furniture arrangements is the typical example of ________.
what are the characteristics of culture?
what are the basic functions of culture?
decoding is the process of putting ideas into symbols.
intercultural communication refers to the communication between people with significantly different cultures.
intercultural communicative competence involves the knowledge, motivation, and skills to communicate effectively and appropriately with people from different cultures.
culture is a negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide inidual’s behaviors and incline them to function as a group.
culture and communication are inseparably linked; we can't have one without the other.
culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication.
values, shared beliefs, and assumptions belong to visible cultures.
culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other.
language does not reflect the environment in which we live.
even if people from different cultures speak english, they still face hurdles.
when people speak to people in other cultures, cultural differences may affect the way they communicate.
self-effacement emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk; it is typical in western cultures like the united kingdom.
when cultures speak the same language—as the united states and great britain， there are not vocabulary differences.
verbal communication is a form of communication in which the sender uses words, either in oral or in written form, to interchange the information with the receiver.
nonverbal communication takes place by way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as body language, facial expressions, sign language and so forth.
generally speaking, oral communication is more personal and less formal than written communication.
the two major forms of verbal communication include oral communication and written communication.
when writing an email to close friends, it is better to use formal language.
when writing a cover letter for a job application, you’d better use informal language.
the english translation of红茶 is “ red tea”.
written communication is less authentic than oral communication as they are informal and not as organized as oral communication.
silence, gestures, facial expressions, posture, and dress codes vary enormously across cultures.
when we interact with others, our nonverbal behaviors do not send messages.
in northern europe, people do not ordinarily touch each other unless they know each other very well.
nonverbal messages can contradict verbal messages when they convey a meaning opposite to what is being said.
when we talk to someone from the countries where eye contact is appreciated, we need to look at the person we are talking with.
technical time systems are the inaccurate measurements of time.
time is a silent language; different cultures have different senses of time.
the way in which different cultures perceive time can influence communication.
public space is used when speaking in public or giving a talk to a group.
americans have a high tolerance of crowding while asian people have a low one.
informal space directly affects the way we communicate with others. it can be also a form of nonverbal communication and varies from culture to culture.
people from different cultures communicate in different ways.
english language is characterized by vagueness and ambiguity, while chinese and japanese languages are characterized by directness and clarity.
in general, cultures that favor high-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them.
high context cultures are more common in the eastern nations than in western nations.
in the low context culture, communication tends to be indirect.
the key to intercultural business communication is to understand one's business partners well enough to make cultural adjustments.
culture cultivates and reinforces beliefs and values.
the collectivi is expected to look out for and take care of its inidual members.
in inidualistic cultures, there is a strong belief in obligations to the group.
masculine cultures differentiate gender roles more than feminine cultures.
effective management of intercultural conflicts requires intercultural awareness and intercultural sensitivity.
culture does not influence negotiating styles.
communicative competence is comprised of two elements: and appropriateness.
culture influences how people communicate, both verbally and .
there are three types of time systems: technical, formal, and .
generally speaking, there are four categories of space. they are intimate space, personal space, _______ space, and public space.
which of the following statements is a normative statement?
which of the following statements is not a positive statement?
economics is the study of how scarce resources are allocated efficiently among different uses.
microeconomics studies the economy from the perspective of inidual agents, such as consumers, firms, governments, etc.
microeconomics studies the overall economy, such as gross domestic product, economic growth, interest rates, unemployment, inflation, etc.
exogenous variable is generated within a model and whose value is changed by the other variables in that model.
if an allocation is pareto efficient, to make any one get better off we must make another one worse off.
given an initial allocation, if you find a change in allocation could help at least one person and harms no one, the change is called pareto improvement.
an allocation is pareto efficient if it allows pareto improvement.
if utility is given by , then the person’s mrsxy at the point x = 5, y = 2 is given by . (hint: calculate mrsxy =mux/muy first, then substitute the value of x and y)
if utility is given by u(x,y)=x y, then the person’s mrsxy at the point x = 5, y = 2 is given by .
if utility is given by u(x,y)=min{x,y}, then the person’s mrsxy at the point x = 5, y = 2 is given by .
if utility is given by u(x,y)=2xy, then the person’s mrsxy at the point x = 5, y = 1 is given by . (hint: calculate mrsxy =mux/muy first, then substitute the value of x and y)
which of the following is not an axiom of consumer preference?
in microeconomics, if α is at least as preferred as β and β is at least as preferred as γ, then α must be at least as preferred as γ.
all consumption bundles on the same indifference curve are equally preferred for the consumer.
for a well-behaved preference, a consumption bundle on a higher indifference curve must bring lower utility level.
for a well-behaved preference, the indifference curves must be positive sloped.
for a well-behaved preference, the indifference curves must be straight lines.
for perfect substitutes, the indifference curves must be straight lines.
for perfect complements, the indifference curves must be straight lines.
given u(a)=2, u(b)=1, according to ordinal utility, this consumer gets twice as much utility from a as from b.
the properties for well-behaved preference are monotonicity and concavity
the properties for well-behaved preference are monotonicity and convexity.
if ada always would like to add 1 spoon of sugar(s) to 1 cup of coffee(c), her utility function could be written as u=min{s, c}.
if a cup of coffee(c) and a cup of tea(t) always provide the same utility for anne, her utility function could be written as u=min{t, c}.
if the price of a good x increases, the following can be said about the income and substitution effects of the price increase on the demand for x:
simon consumes two goods, x and y. if the price of good x increases and his demand for x increases:
if the demand for x decreases as its price decreases, it violates the law of demand.
a normal good must be an ordinary good.
an ordinary good must be a normal good.
an inferior good cannot be an ordinary good.
an inferior good must be a giffen good.
albin has quasilinear preferences and he loves pretzels. his inverse demand function for pretzels is p(x) = 49-6x; where x is the number of pretzels that he consumes. he is currently consuming 8 pretzels at a price of $1 per pretzel. if the price of pretzels rises to $7 per pretzel, the change in albin's consumer surplus is
given a demand function q=100-5p, what is the price elasticity of demand at the price 10?
the equivalent variation in income from a tax is the amount of extra income that a consumer would need in order to be as well off after the tax is imposed as he was originally.
which of the following statement about isoquant curve is not true?
which of the following is a property of well-behaved isoquant curves?
marginal product of labor is
which of the following production function shows constant returns to scale?
adding more and more labor into production process would definitely lead to increasing marginal product due to specialization of labor.
in general, which of the following is not a short-term variable cost
the long-term average cost curve slopes downward because
which of the following statement is true about ac and mc curve in the short run?
in microeconomics, the short term usually means a week or a month, and the long term means a year or more.
if firms in an industry enjoy positive profits, other firms would like to enter this market.
if firms in an industry endures economic losses, other firms would like to enter this market.
if firms in an industry earn zero profit, other firms would like to enter this market.
short run average cost curve must eventually increase because average variable cost eventually increases.
in the long run, firm has no fixed costs.
economies of scale occurs when long-run average total cost declines as output decreases.
each firm in a competitive market has a total cost function of . what will be the equilibrium price in the long run?
each firm in a competitive market has a total cost function of what will be the equilibrium quantity of a firm in the long run?
which of the following is not a feature of perfectly competitive market?
because the goods offered for sale in a competitive market are largely the same,
when a firm in a competitive market produces 10 units of output, it has a marginal revenue of 8.00. what would be the firm’s total revenue when it produces 6 units of output?
if a firm in a competitive market reduces its output by 20 percent, then as a result the price of its output is likely to
for a competitive firm,
if new firms would like to enter a competitive market, existing firms in that market must have found
firms in the perfectly competitive industry earn zero profit in the long run.
firms in the perfectly competitive industry must earn zero profit in the short run.
in perfectly competitive markets, both firms and consumers are price takers.
demand curve faced by an inidual firm in a perfectly competitive market is a horizontal line.
shut-down is a long-run decision for firm in a perfectly competitive market.
a firm’s long-run supply curve is usually less elastic than its short-run supply curve.
industry supply curve is a horizontal sum of all firms’ supply curve.
if all firms in a perfectly competitive market have positive economic profits, more firms will enter this industry.
if all firms in a perfectly competitive market have negative economic profits, more firms will enter this industry.
which of the following statements is correct?
which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?
a natural monopoly occurs when
the market demand curve for a monopolist is typically
for a profit-maximizing monopolist,
the economic inefficiency of a monopolist can be measured by the
the inefficiency of a deadweight loss stems from the fact that
the practice of selling the same goods to different customers at different prices, but with the same marginal cost, is known as
if a monopolist engages in three-degree price discrimination in two segmented markets, but the firm's cost function is the same in both markets, in which market will the firm set a higher price?
for a monopoly, marginal revenue is often greater than the price they charge for their good.
by selling hardcover books to die-hard fans and paperback books to less enthusiastic readers, the publisher is able to price discriminate and raise its profit.
monopolistic firms always have positive economic profits in the long run.